The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain - 952 Words

Many people go through many lengths to free from something and to gain their freedom. Sometimes physical objects can resemble the feelings that a person is feeling. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn he uses the raft, the land, and the river to represent the theme of wanting freedom. In the novel The adventures of Huckleberry Finn there is a theme of wanting freedom, as the story goes on the raft can be a symbol of the theme. The first time that Huck goes aways is right before Pap comes home, this is Huck first chance of freedom because he uses the canoe. Also mid-way through the novel Jim and Huck finally find a raft that was floating down the stream so, they now have the freedom to leave the island and go where they need to go. Since they now have the raft they have the freedom to get food and supplies that may be in the water, that they could not get before. In the novel there is a theme of wanting freedom and the novel reveals the land to be a symbol of the th eme.When the steam boat runs over the raft and splits Jim and Huck up, Huck grabs a piece of wood and paddles to land, since that the land was there Huck was free to go. Huck finds a house that he can stay at because of the land. Because of the land Huck and Jim go to a ladys house to figure out what the town knows about the so called murder and runaway slave. Also, in the novel the Mississippi river reveals the theme of the novel, wanting freedom. The first time that Huck and Jim have the chance toShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1103 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Van Duine Jr English Mr. Nelson November 27th The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Written by Mark Twain filled his stories with many examples of satire as to convey a message while also writing an interesting story. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revolves around the adventures of a young boy called Huckleberry Finn, who is about thirteen years old. Tom Sawyer is Huck’s best friend and around the same age as Huck. He is onlyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesZambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of the charactersRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmention the years spent growing and maturing physically. Teenagers are stuck in an inbetween state where they must learn who they want to become and what they want to be when they grow older. The same is true for Huckleberry Finn, from the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. This is a book that was written in a time of great confusion over moral codes and standards. It was a world split in half by two different worlds of people; those who opposed, a nd those who promoted slavery.Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 Pages In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novelRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain810 Words   |  4 PagesBefore Mark Twain started to write two of his most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark was known to use his characters to display his own thoughts and opinions. â€Å"This device allowed him to s ay just about anything he wanted, provided he could convincingly claim he was simply reporting what others had said.† (Twain, 1283). Mark Twain used this process to be a foundation of his lectures, by manipulating his popularly with his readers. During the story

Having Our Say by Sadie and Bessie Delany Essay - 1084 Words

Having Our Say by Sadie and Bessie Delany The social, cultural and political history of America as it affects the life course of American citizens became very real to us as the Delany sisters, Sadie and Bessie, recounted their life course spanning a century of living in their book Having Our Say. The Delany sisters’ lives covered the period of their childhood in Raleigh, North Carolina, after the Surrender to their adult lives in Harlem, New York City during the roaring twenties, to a quiet retirement in suburban, New York City, as self-styled maiden ladies. At the ages of 102 and 104, these ladies have lived long enough to look back over a century of their existence and appreciate the value of a good family life and†¦show more content†¦Basic habits such as clean bodies, clean thoughts, a love of music and concern for the less fortunate, became a way of life in their family. Therefore, the Delanys, although not wealthy were considered an elite black family due to their high values and standards (p.69). Why in reviewing their lives they considered themselves very lucky? Because the life of black people outside the doors of their sheltered home and the gates of St. Augustine were vastly different. Sadie and Bessie witnessed and experienced the insults and indignities of being black in the South during the Reconstruction period and the enactment of Jim Crow laws. John Hope Franklin, in his book From Slavery to Freedom, explained that after the Civil War, the South was filled with former slaves who were disoriented and ill prepared for freedom, suffering from starvation and disease †¦ homeless and without jobs wandering from place to place, much to the disgust and fear of whites. (Franklin, p. 222). That was the plight of most black people. Sadie and Bessie worked during the Reconstruction era teaching in the rural south to raise money and saw the poverty and felt the insults of Jim Crow Laws with its Coloreds and Whites only signs. And as Lerone Bennett, Jr. in A HistoryShow More RelatedHaving Our Say Essay9582 Words   |  39 PagesBookRags Literature Study Guide Having Our Say (novel) by Sarah Louise Delany For the online version of BookRags Having Our Say (novel) Literature Study Guide, including complete copyright information, please visit: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-having-our-say/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2011 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and CriticismRead MoreThe Delany Sisters Essay841 Words   |  4 PagesHaving Our Say: The Delany Sisters First 100 Years Having Our Say is the amazing story about the almost invincible Delany sisters. In this novel, Sarah L. Delaney and A. Elizabeth Delany tell the tale of their century long lives in America. The reader learns about their whole lives starting from their childhood, which was on the campus of St. Augustines College in Raleigh, North Carolina, all the way to their final years in which they lived in New York. During their lives, the Delany sistersRead MoreRacism in Having Our Say862 Words   |  4 PagesHaving Our Say â€Å"The truth is you’re born a certain way and there’s some things you can change and some things you can’t† One of the many smart truthful things that Elizabeth Delany (Bessie) said. As Bessie and Sarah Delany (Sadie) grow up, the book Having our Say by Amy Hill Hearth and the two sisters follows every bit of the sisters lives through their own eyes just as they remembered it. As the two â€Å"colored† women are born and raised in the south they are raised on the campus of Saint Augustine’sRead MoreFull Bio Psycho Social Assessment Of Bessie Delany2241 Words   |  9 PagesHaving Our Say Full bio-psycho-social assessment of Bessie Delany In this assignment, Professor Alton Clark Dubois’ Social Work 319 class was required to read the book; having Our Say by the Delany sisters’ first hundred years (Delany, Delany, Hearth, 1993). Author Amy H. Hearth co-wrote this inspiring book alongside sisters Bessie and Addie Delany. â€Å"This book is woven from thousands of anecdotes that I coaxed from the Delany sisters’ during an 18-month period (September 1991 to AprilRead MoreSarah Louise s Relationship Between Race, Class And Gender Essay841 Words   |  4 Pageshundred years is just a blip in time on the cosmic scale, living from 1889 to 1999, as Sarah Louise Sadie Delany did, is not something to be overlooked. In fact, Sadie and her younger sister Annie Elizabeth Delany’s (also known as Bessie) total age was 213 years old! That is incredibly aspiring, given the fact that these two women witnessed a century of oppression and subjugation. Having Our Say is the story of these remarkable sisters, with the opening of the film showing us the sisters as old

E-Commerce Business Consultant APIC

Question: Discuss about theE-Commercefor Business Consultant APIC. Answer: Introduction The report is about providing solutions to a company named Amanda Jane horse Wear by a business consultant APIC. Amanda Jane Horse Wear is seeking help from the consultant firm about the adoption of e-commerce system. It is seen that all the companies are gong digital and are adopting e-commerce systems to increase their sales and brand image in the marketplace. The traditional modes of advertisement and promotions incur more cost to the company when compared to digital modes of promotion. The company is into selling horse riding wears by the horse riders. It is a niche type of category. However, these types of businesses are rare in the market. Getting digital for the company will be profitable both for increased sales and brand image. The report will describe about various forms of e-commerce systems along with issues and benefits of the different variations of e-commerce systems. Apart from that, the backgrounds of the problem of the company along with the preferred mode of e-comm erce systems are also explained in details in the report. The report will help the owner of Amanda Jane Horse Wear to decide whether they will go for adopting various e-commerce systems or not. The section of e-commerce section will describe about the overview and meaning of e-commerce in business. After that, the issues and benefits will illustrate about the benefits and the problems the company will face on going digital. Recommendations section will point the best systems of e-commerce that will suit the needs of the company. Background The background of the report will constitutes about the background of the company that seeks solution to the consultant for boosting their sales. Apart from that, this section will also describe the problems faced in the market. The type of e-commerce solutions that will be provided to the company will also be mentioned in this section. Amanda Jane Horse Wear is a company that is focused in selling limited range of apparels to the horse riders or people that are associated to the horse riding. In the case study, it has mentioned that the company does not sell its products into any types of specialist services. The company sells its various apparels into various horse events. The most important thing is that, the entrepreneur has felt the need of going digital for increasing the sales of its products. In the offline mode, the sales depend on word of mouth. The reason of going digital is to compete with the business with the other retailers and suppliers that are associated with sellin g of apparels of horse riders. Another important fact is that, since the business belongs to niche category, it can charge premium prices for the apparels and other accessories that people use during horse riding. The company has felt that the expected sales are not meeting up to the expectations. The sales are depended on the Word of Mouth (WOM) promotion. For some reasons, in the horse events, the sales are not meeting to the satisfactory level. However, the company is expecting more sales of its products. Amanda Jane Horse Wear is in dilemma whether it should adopt e-commerce systems or not. It is mentioned in the case study that the company has approached to the APIC Business Consulting firm to explain about the strategy that the company should undertake in the field of e-commerce. The strategy must highlight the problems and benefits that the company may face while implementing the strategy in the particular field. The consultant will provide a detailed analysis on the various types of trends of e-commerce approaches that companies are using nowadays to increase the sales and the reputation of the company. The strategies must focus on the fact in a way so that it can engage customers in t heir online channels as well as conversion of the viewers into potential customers (Felfernig et al., 2013). The main target of formulating online strategies is to increase the Word of Mouth Promotion and increasing the customer base of the company. Ecommerce Systems Electronic commerce is known as e-commerce. It is the facilitation of selling products and services to the target customers using internet, social media channels and computer systems. Many technologies are associated with the trading using e-commerce systems such as online transaction processing, mobile commerce, internet marketing, electronic funds transfer, and various types of automated systems of data collection (Wang et al., 2012). Apart from that, the companies for going digital use the system of World Wide Web. As per the case study, the company must have specific aims such as developing websites of online shopping in order to sale products to the target customers (Yoon et al., 2013). The company can adopt many application software and information systems for getting started in the digital online platforms. Amanda Jane Horse Wear before adopting e-commerce systems must be aware of the possible advantages and problems of using various software in the operations of the company ( Park et al., 2012). The issues and benefits of e-commerce systems are described in the following in a detailed manner. Many factors are kept into consideration by the company while implementing systems of e-commerce in improving the sales as well as improving the image of the brand among the target customers (Kou, 2013). The e-commerce systems that will be used by the companies must comply with the rules and regulations of the government. Besides this, there are various types of e-commerce systems such as business-to-business (B to B), business to consumers (B to C), consumer to administration (C to A), consumer to consumer (C to C), business to administration(B to A), and consumer to business (C to B) (Tang et al., 2013). As per the context of the case study, business to consumers systems of e-commerce should be used by the company to interact with the customers along with the viewers of the website. The company must gain an understanding of the various aspects of the integration of e-commerce systems before implementing any methods in the operations department (Da Costa, 2016). Meaning of E Commerce The term e-commerce has a broader meaning. E-commerce systems are the methods and approaches that use computers, internets and other online platforms in order to accomplish the specific purpose of the company. The company will be using approaches and methods of business to consumer systems of e-commerce (Chiu et al., 2014). Along with the implementation of systems, the purpose of integration of variations of e-commerce systems along with the business application. The motive of the systems integration not only focuses on the improved sales but also it will change the whole interface of the business in the future (Wang Zhang, 2013). Some features are to be utilized by the company to develop the service of the online selling of products. They are instant messaging, social networking, pretail, digital wallet, application development and other approaches of online payment options. SWOT analysis of the company along with the PESTEL analysis is necessary for getting the best results on int egration of new systems of e-commerce by the company (Chen Wang, 2013). Issues and Benefits With the advent of technology, the traditional method of conducting business has been replaced, by the digital method, whereby the purchase as well as the sale of the products can be carried out via a variety of electronic channels, such as the Internet (Choi, 2013). The e-commerce itself is a dynamic method, that has also evolved over the last few years in a considerable way. From the case study, it has been observed that Amada Jane Horse Wear is an emerging organization, that has not yet achieved enormous recognition in the consumer world. Hence, the first step, the organization should take is that it must set up its 24*7 online presence, so that it can reach out to a wider mass in a short span of time. In a highly competitive market, an organization simply does not exist, if it fails to make its presence felt. The Amanda Jane Horse Wear, by creating a website, can provide necessary information to the potential consumers, whereby they will be able to have a comprehensive knowledge about the items and the nature of the service offered by the organization (Yang et al., 2016). It should be noted here, that very few organizations deal with the sale of the horse riding apparels, and hence the consumers prefer to purchase the products from the small retail stores. However, a new organization like Amanda Jane Horse Wear, can easily gain prominence in the market, and draw the attention of the interested consumers. Another remarkable advantage of e-commerce, for the organization, is that it can offer 24*7 assistance to the consumers. The creation of a website, or a social media page, can not only render the organization the popularity and recognition, it requires, but will also help in updating the consumers about a new product introduced, or a latest discount offer provided (Davis et al., 2012). Thus, e-commerce enables an organization have easy interaction with the consumers that not only builds up a valuable relation, creating a loyal customer base, but also offers them the relevant, readily available information. Another remarkable benefit of e-commerce is that it facilitates an organization to replace direct marketing by virtual marketing. The selling location of the organization is fixed, and as it does not have any branch, the consumers are less likely to have sufficient information about the fixed retail location of the organization. On the other hand, once the organization has created its online presence via a website, it can offer the sale of its products via the online platform. The organization has not yet emerged as one of the large organizations of the world, and hence selling the goods online is a discreet option (Wang Wang, 2016). Nowadays, the consumers usually lack the time and energy to visit the physical shops in person, and hence considering the fact, the organization can offer its products via online platforms. The official page of the organization can have a contact number, an email id and other details, so that the consumers can contact the concerned authority, and order the goods they intend to purchase. The home delivery can help the company gain competitive advantage, besides offering it the recognition it requires (Colla Lapoule, 2012). However, while introducing the e-commerce infrastructure in the organization, there is a variety of factors that require to be considered by the organization. One of the important issues that can pose serious threat to the organization is the security issue (Crew Brennan, 2014). The most recognized organizations also suffered from the problem of online hacking of information that has potentially damaged the reputation of the organization. Hence, the organization is required to build up a strong risk assessment and management system to safeguard its confidential information, and that would undoubtedly imply a huge investment. Besides, it should be remembered that it would mean additional responsibility for the existent employees, and a proper process of monitoring and controlling the e-commerce activities, would be required, that in turn would imply that the employees would have to work in a more dedicated way, investing more time and skills for the same (Barnes, 2013). Though this c an be compensated by the rise in pay scale in subsequent period, it should be noted that during the initial phase of the change management, the whole idea may not be accepted by the employees, and the resistance if not properly dealt with, can lead to retention problem. Current Trends and Examples in E Commerce The e-commerce each day is evolving itself, and assuming an important role in the world of business. Hence, it is important to discuss and explain the recent innovative techniques, introduced by different organization all across the world. At present, the consumers are too occupied with their own works, and hence fail to find out sufficient time to visit the physical retail shops (Lee, 2013). Hence, a huge number of organizations have introduced the mobile commerce concept, whereby the consumers can visit the official page of the organization, and can order the products, after selecting from a variety of available options. While the consumer does not require to visit the shop in person, he can also make the payment via online payment channels, such as PayPal or Google Wallet. While this method captures the attention of the consumers because of the convenient shopping experience they can avail, it can also help the organization grow (Li, 2016). It should be noted that research reports suggest that while making purchase online, the consumers are likely to make investment in a product more swiftly and easily, and tend to be influenced to purchase the products. A few organizations, which enjoy strong financial condition, also create their organizational apps, which the consumer can download, as and when required, and thereby avail the facilities offered by the organization. The apps on being downloaded by the consumers, can offer them the opportunity to gain instant access to the relevant information about the products, as and when necessary, and is a much time consuming and energy saving process of making transactions. A few organizations, in order to look after the needs and convenience of the consumers are also offering Live Chat support facility, that helps in creating an immediate point of connection with the respective consumers (Stern, 2013). The social media marketing has replaced the traditional method of marketing. With a huge number of people keeping an eye on the social network sites, the organizations have also lately created various social media pages, where by posting relevant attractive content, via interesting stories, the organizations have succeeded in drawing attention of the consumers. In addition, target marketing has also become a possibility in recent times, owing to Google Analytics, and as such the organizations can promote its products to the relevant consumers, based on the demographic information available. Moreover, what is new in the market is the concept of video marketing that has replaced the idea of ordinary social media content marketing. Many organizations upload the educative and entertaining videos, on social networking sites, such as Instagram or even on Facebook, that helps in fascinating the consumers, and evoking an interest in the products and service offered by the organization. The v ideo marketing as a latest trend, helps in increasing the client conversation and interaction with the brand, making the content more shareable so that it can reach a large number of consumers over a short span of time. The concept of video marketing has become largely popular among different business organizations, and while some organizations employ YouTube to connect with the consumers, some other organizations rely on apps, such as Vine and Instagram for connecting with the consumers, via video marketing strategies (Rigas Hussain, 2016). Recommendation The use of electronic communications can help Amanda Jane Horse Wear gain competitive advantage. However, the organization here is required to adopt a few important steps. First of all, it is required to create an official website page, that has an attractive appearance, and is also consumer-friendly, in the sense, that it is easy to navigate, and offers every bit of relevant information to the consumers (Mohapatra, 2013). It must not only share highly informative content about the organization, but must also have a comment section, whereby the consumers can freely ventilate their feedbacks or suggestions about the product. However, it is to be noted here, that the organization must employ marketing managers, who will be in charge of monitoring the feedbacks provided by the consumers on the website page or the social networking sites, and will also remove or delete any unfavorable comments posted (Chen et al., 2014). The organization must ensure that it has a strong e-commerce team, that facilitates quick and prompt response to the demands or inquiries of the consumers. The Amanda Jane Horse Wear organization, is required to establish a strong customer support tram, that can deliver service 24*7 via online platform. The website and the social pages created by the company, must offer a vividly descriptive and highly informed catalog that can help the consumer in making the purchase decision. Besides, the organization must also adopt important strategies to ensure that it is capable of attracting new consumers with search engine visibility. Above all, it should be noted, that the shift to e-commerce may strike the employees in an undesirable way, and hence before introducing the change, the management authority must inform the employees about the change, the reason behind the same as well as the ways in which the shift to e-commerce will benefit the organization, and the employees (Huang Benyoucef , 2013). Conclusion The report describes about the problems faced by Amanda Jane Horse Wear in selling its products in offline modes of selling. Therefore, the consultant has recommended the company to use different methods of e-commerce systems so that it cannot only attract huge customers but also it can accomplish the organizational goals. In the recommended sections, it is clearly mentioned that the company may develop a website along with social media marketing to engage the viewers in about the company and its products. It is seen that nowadays people are using internet for gathering any information regarding any products and services. Hence, internet is the option that can be used in an intelligent way so that people would get to know about the company. As the company belongs to the category of niche segment, hence the strategies of digital marketing must be formulated by keeping in concern with the demands of the customers along with the market trends. The modes of advertisement in the digital p latforms are found to be more advantageous when compared to traditional methods of advertisement. It is because, through online channels, the engagement of target customers are large in number than traditional billboards and magazines. The research of the e-commerce systems have described in the report so that the apparel company can gain a proper understanding of the various usage patterns and methods of the e-commerce systems. The report has pointed the approach and methods of digital platforms that will provide best results for increase in the profit generation of the company. If the company follows the recommendation provided by the consultant firms, then the company would be successful in gaining a good position in the market as well as generating more revenue from the customers. Reference List: Barnes Jr, M. L. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,611,919. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Chen, J. E., Pan, S. L., Ouyang, T. H. (2014). Routine reconfiguration in traditional companiese-commerce strategy implementation: A trajectory perspective.Information Management,51(2), 270-282. Chen, L., Wang, F. (2013). Preference-based clustering reviews for augmenting e-commerce recommendation.Knowledge-Based Systems,50, 44-59. Chiu, C. M., Wang, E. T., Fang, Y. H., Huang, H. Y. (2014). Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e?commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk.Information Systems Journal,24(1), 85-114. Choi, H., On, R., Varian, H. R. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,571,921. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Colla, E., Lapoule, P. (2012). E-commerce: exploring the critical success factors.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,40(11), 842-864. Crew, M. A., Brennan, T. J. (Eds.). (2014).The Role of the Postal and Delivery Sector in a Digital Age. Edward Elgar Publishing. Da Costa, E. (2016).Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Davis, D. R., Morris, M. G., Hildreth, R., Haveson, R. A. (2012).U.S. Patent No. 8,239,286. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Felfernig, A., Jeran, M., Ninaus, G., Reinfrank, F., Reiterer, S. (2013). Toward the next generation of recommender systems: applications and research challenges. InMultimedia services in intelligent environments(pp. 81-98). Springer International Publishing. Huang, Z., Benyoucef, M. (2013). From e-commerce to social commerce: A close look at design features.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,12(4), 246-259. Kou, W. (Ed.). (2013).Payment technologies for e-commerce. Springer Science Business Media. Lee, I. (Ed.). (2013).Trends in E-Business, E-Services, and E-Commerce: Impact of Technology on Goods, Services, and Business Transactions: Impact of Technology on Goods, Services, and Business Transactions. IGI Global. Li, P. (2016). Current and Future Years of E-Commerce. Mohapatra, S. (2013). E-commerce Strategy. InE-Commerce Strategy(pp. 155-171). Springer US. Park, D. H., Kim, H. K., Choi, I. Y., Kim, J. K. (2012). A literature review and classification of recommender systems research.Expert Systems with Applications,39(11), 10059-10072. Rigas, D., Hussain, H. A. (2016, July). Interactive e-Branding in e-Commerce Interfaces: Survey Results and Implications. InInternational Conference on HCI in Business, Government and Organizations(pp. 457-467). Springer International Publishing. Stern, D., Brewster, M., Botha, Y. (2013). Tendencies and trends in e-commerce: business centre.TAXtalk, (40), 72-74. Tang, J., Hu, X., Liu, H. (2013). Social recommendation: a review.Social Network Analysis and Mining,3(4), 1113-1133. Wang, H. F., Wu, C. T. (2012). A strategy-oriented operation module for recommender systems in E-commerce.Computers Operations Research,39(8), 1837-1849. Wang, J., Zhang, Y. (2013, July). Opportunity model for e-commerce recommendation: right product; right time. InProceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval(pp. 303-312). ACM. Wang, T., Wang, X., Wang, T. (2016).U.S. Patent No. RE46,140. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Yang, P. C., Lin, H. L., Hsieh, W. T. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 20,160,140,634. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Yoon, V. Y., Hostler, R. E., Guo, Z., Guimaraes, T. (2013). Assessing the moderating effect of consumer product knowledge and online shopping experience on using recommendation agents for customer loyalty.Decision Support Systems,55(4), 883-893.

Purchasing Behaviour Consumer Modeling Essay Example

Purchasing Behaviour Consumer Modeling Essay Modeling Things to learn in this chapter: †¢ Engel, Blackwell and Miniard model. †¢ J. N. Sheth model of industrial behaviour. †¢ Nicosia model. Engel, Blackwell and Miniard model The core of the EBM model is a decision process, which is augmented with inputs from information processing and other influencing factors. The model has four distinctive sections, namely Input, Information Processing, Decision Process and Variables influencing decision process. Information Input Information from marketing and non-marketing sources are fed into the information processing section of the model. The model also suggests additional information to be collected is available from memory or when post-purchase dissonance occurs. Information Processing Before information can be used in the rest of the model, the consumer will first be exposed to the information processing. That is, the consumer must get exposed to the information, attend to it, comprehend and understand it, accept it and finally maintain it in the memory. Any selective attention or exposure mechanisms that may occur in post purchase dissonance would operate at this stage. Decision Process Need Recognition: This acknowledges the fact that there exists a problem. That is, the individual is aware that there exists a need to be satisfied. Search: When enough information is available in memory to take a decision, then only internal search will be required. If internal information is limited, an external search for information is undertaken. Alternative Evaluation: An evaluation of the alternatives found during the search is undertaken. It is observed from the model that the attitudes and beliefs are taken into account during this process. We will write a custom essay sample on Purchasing Behaviour Consumer Modeling specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Purchasing Behaviour Consumer Modeling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Purchasing Behaviour Consumer Modeling specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Purchase: A purchase is made on the chosen alternative. Outcomes: The outcome can be either positive or negative depending on whether the purchase satisfies the original perceived need. Dissatisfaction can lead to post-purchase dissonance. Variables Influencing Decision Process This section considers the individual, social, and situational factors that influence the decision processes. The EBM model is very flexible and more coherent model of consumer behaviour. It also includes human processes like memory, information processing and considers both the positive and negative purchase outcomes. However the model has been criticized on two aspects. Firstly, on the somewhat vague definition of the role of the influencing variables and secondly, it is felt that the separation of information search and alternative evaluation is somewhat artificial. Engel, Blackwell and Miniard (EBM) Model: . The Sheth Model of Organizational Buying This model concentrates on the purchasing process and highlights the importance of four main factors: 1. The expectations of the individuals making up the Decision Making Unit (DMU). These elements are represented by the block in the diagram below arked as (1). According to this model, every person in the DMU brings with them, their own unique set of attitudes and orientations. The individual background like education, role orientation, and life style will condition their expectations. The following will also influence their expectations: †¢ The various sources of information like sales people, exhibitions and trade shows, direct mail, press rel eases etc. †¢ Perceptual distortion (1d in block diagram). †¢ The person’s previous experience (1e in block diagram). †¢ The active search (1c in block diagram). 2. The characteristics of both the product and the organization. The model refers to the actual buying process and contends that it is affected by the following: †¢ The product specific factors (2a) like: o Time pressure: Group decision will take a longer time as compared to individual ones. o Perceived risk: More the risk, more the members involved in DMU. o Type of purchase: When the type of problem is an extensive problem, more members will be involved in the DMU. †¢ Company specific problems (2b) which include the following: o Organizational orientation. o Organization size. Degree of centralization. Sheth J. N Model: 3. 3. The nature of the decision making process. The model differentiates between autonomous decisions and joint decisions. It also considers the following: †¢ Problem solving. †¢ Persuasion. †¢ Bargaining. †¢ Politicking. 4. The situation variables. These variables are coded (4) in the model. Here the model refers to unforeseen factors, t hose which fall outside the control of the DMU and could affect the purchasing organization or supplies and can include, for example, labour problems, major breakdowns, cash flow problems, bankruptcy etc. The Nicosia Model. In the recent years marketing scholars have built buyer behaviour models taking into consideration the marketing man’s view point. The Nicosia model is one such model. It is also said to be a system model, because the human being is analyzed as a system, with stimuli as the input to the system and the human behaviour as the output. This model developed by Francesco Nicosia, tries to explain buyer behaviour by establishing a link between the organization and its prospective consumer. The model suggests that messages from the organization first influence the predisposition of the consumer towards the product or service. Based on the situation, the consumer will have a certain attitude towards the product. This may result in a search for the product or an evaluation of the product attributes by the consumer. If the above step satisfies the consumer, it may result in a positive response, with a decision to buy the product otherwise the reverse may occur. ATTITUDEField 4 The MOTIVATIONfeed backField 3 The purchasing action The Nicosia model, groups the activities into four basic areas that are as under: Field 1 has two-sub areas- the consumer’s attributes and the organization’s attributes. The advertising message sent from the company will reach the consumer’s attributes. Depending on the way the message is received by the consumer, a certain attribute may develop. This newly developed attribute becomes the input for area two. The second area or area two- is related to the search and evaluation, undertaken by the consumer, of the advertised product and also to verify if other alternatives are available. In case this step results in a motivation to buy the product or service, it becomes the input to the third area. The third area explains how the consumer actually buys the product. The area four is related to the uses of the purchased items. This fourth area may also be used as an input to receive feedback on sales results to the organization. Stimuli Marketer Dominated other Exposure Attention Comprehension Acceptance Retention Memory Internal Search Search Need Recognition Alternative Evaluation Purchase Out comes Dissatisfaction Satisfaction Beliefs Attitude Intention Environmental influences †¢ Culture †¢ Social class †¢ Personal influence †¢ Family †¢ Situation Individual Differences †¢ Consumer resources Motivation involvement †¢ Knowledge †¢ Attitudes †¢ Personality †¢ Life styles †¢ Demographics Input Information Processing External Search Decision Process Variables influencing decision process (4) Situational factors Life style Role Orientation Specialized education Salesperson (1e) Satisfaction with purchase (1a) Background of individual (1) Active Search Exhibitions Supplier or Brand choice (3) Conflict resolution 1. Problem solving 2. Persuasion 3. Bargaining 4. Politicking 5. Organization orientation Types of purchase Perceived Risk Time pressure Organization size Degree of centralization (2b) Company specific factors (2a) Product specific factors Joint decisions Autonomous decisions (2) Industrial buying process (1d) Perceptual Distortion (1) Expectations of: 1. Purchase agents 2. Engineers 3. Users 4. Others Others Word of mouth Trade news Professional and technical conferences Journal advertising Press releases Direct Mail MESSAGE EXPOSURE Sub Field 1 Firm’s Attributes Sub Field 2 Consumer Attributes Experience Search Evaluation Decision (action) Purchasing Behaviour Consumption Storage Field 2